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How to write alt text that works for both screen readers and SEO

Alt text serves two audiences simultaneously: users who rely on screen readers, and Google's image indexing. The good news is that the same rules satisfy both. Be specific about what is actually in the image, keep it under 125 characters, and include the keyword only if it fits the description naturally.

The structural formula

[subject] + [key attribute] + [optional context]

For product images: the product name and category cover the subject, the material/color/style is the attribute, and the context is the view (front, back, detail). For lifestyle photos, the subject is what the model or scene is doing.

Decorative images get empty alt

Background patterns, divider graphics, and purely visual flourishes should have alt="". This is correct under WCAG and tells screen readers to skip the image entirely. Omitting the alt attribute (instead of setting it empty) is treated as missing alt text and flagged in audits.

Filename matters too

Alt text is the most important image metadata, but Google also looks at the image filename. IMG_4892.jpg tells the algorithm nothing. red-nike-air-max-90-side.jpg reinforces the alt text. On Shopify, filenames are set when you upload — rename before upload rather than relying on alt text alone.

Worked examples

Illustrative comparisons. The weak versions are common patterns (too vague, keyword-stuffed, or redundant). The strong versions describe what's actually in the image.

Product page hero shot

Image of running shoes

Generic, no useful description

Nike Air Max 90 in white and black, side view on white background

Brand + model + color + angle

Lifestyle product photo

Beautiful jacket worn by woman

Vague; "beautiful" is opinion, no specifics

Olive-green ripstop jacket worn open over a white tee, urban morning setting

Color + material + how it's worn + scene context

Detail close-up

Close up image of leather wallet best wallet buy now leather wallet

Keyword stuffing; reads as spam to Google

Close-up of stitching on full-grain brown leather wallet, interior view

Describes what the close-up actually shows

Decorative divider graphic

Picture of decorative line

Screen reader announces unimportant element

alt=""

Empty alt tells screen readers to skip

Common alt text mistakes to avoid

  • · Identical alt text on every product image. If your hero, back-shot, and detail images all share the same alt, you're missing the specificity that actually helps search and accessibility.
  • · Including the filename or file extension. “DSC_4892.jpg of a shoe” is not useful alt text.
  • · Over-explaining decorative elements. Borders, separators, and background graphics should have empty alt.
  • · Keyword stuffing. Repeating the target keyword three times in one alt attribute reads as spam.
  • · Skipping alt entirely. Missing alt attributes get flagged in Google Search Console accessibility audits and Lighthouse.

Frequently asked questions

What is alt text and why does it matter?

Alt text (alternative text) is the HTML attribute that describes an image to screen readers and to search engines that cannot see the image. It is required for accessibility under WCAG 2.2 guidelines and serves as the primary signal Google uses to understand image content. On ecommerce, alt text directly affects Google Image Search visibility and accessibility compliance.

How long should alt text be?

Under 125 characters. Most screen readers cut off longer text, and Google has historically truncated alt text around the same length for image search snippets. The sweet spot is 50 to 125 characters — long enough to be descriptive, short enough to display fully. If you cannot fit the description in 125 characters, consider whether the surrounding caption or context could carry some of the detail.

Should I start alt text with "Image of..." or "Picture of..."?

No. Screen readers already announce the element as an image before reading the alt text. Starting with "Image of..." or "Photo of..." adds redundant words that get in the way of the actual description. Start with the subject of the image directly.

When should alt text be empty (alt="")?

When the image is purely decorative — visual flourishes, divider graphics, background patterns — leave alt empty with alt="". An empty alt attribute tells screen readers to skip the image rather than announcing it. This is part of WCAG and is preferred over omitting the alt attribute entirely.

Should alt text include keywords for SEO?

Yes, when they describe the image naturally. The keyword should fit the actual description of what is in the image — not be stuffed in. "Red Nike Air Max 90 running shoe, side view" is good. "Buy cheap running shoes red Nike Air Max 90 best price online" is keyword stuffing and Google has been demoting this pattern since 2012.

How is alt text different from a caption or title attribute?

Alt text describes the image for accessibility and SEO. Captions appear visually below the image and provide context for sighted users. The title attribute creates a tooltip on hover (rarely useful and not read by screen readers). For most ecommerce images, alt text is the one that matters — captions are optional, title attributes are nearly always unnecessary.

Does alt text affect Google ranking?

Indirectly. Alt text is a small ranking signal for the page itself but a major signal for Google Image Search. Stores that get image search traffic — especially in fashion, home decor, and visual product categories — depend on good alt text. It also contributes to overall accessibility, which Google rewards through the broader "page experience" signals.

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